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Familiarizing oneself with logical fallacies is a good way to construct and understand better arguments - not because it explains what to do, but because it illustrates what not to do. Logical fallacies are positions that have hasty or lazy logic, and they fall apart on closer examination. For example, “appeal to probability” is an argument that says something might happen, so we should behave like it will happen; “appeal to authority” says that because an authority says something, we can take it for granted that it's true. Those fallacies rest on speculation and assumption rather than examining conclusions ourselves. The most famous fallacy might be slippery slope, which posits that if X happens then Y will happen, and if Y happens then Z will happen, and since that will be bad we have to stop X. It seems logical because it flows, but it's based on compounding speculations and the conclusion that X and Z are basically the same thing.
By knowing logical fallacies, we not only better recognize when we're hearing bad arguments, we are also more clearly able to examine our own beliefs. Understanding the illogical and irrational can help us have a closer understanding of what is, and then help us construct a stronger defense of what we know to be true.
The problem is we don't always live in a logical and rational world. Sometimes things just happen that don't make sense: emergencies, disasters, unforeseen and unfair circumstances. Sometimes we do things that don't even make sense to ourselves, that leave us later wondering why we did anything at all. In those instances, the rational flow of A to B to C is not necessarily enough to get us through. We need something that is neither rational nor irrational, but exists wholly outside and above the realm of the rational. That is where the spiritual virtue of hope comes in.
Hope is defined as a desire, expectation or anticipation of something to be; it has also, notably, meant to trust. But regardless of its intensity - from merely wanting something to be true, to knowing it will be true - hope is also about something that is not obvious or immediate. That's why Paul, in his letter to the early church in Rome, described hope as necessarily about things unseen.
Hope in something you can see isn't really hope because it doesn't take the transcendent into account. In fact, by practicing hope, we are articulating with both the temporal and transcendent, the material and cosmic, the immediate and eternal. We articulate with the immediate when we hope for the best possible outcome in the short term - hoping for something to happen or improve today, tomorrow or by next week. It's still the unseen, but it's unseen that is nearly tangible. We articulate with the eternal when we hope for the future, when we hope that everything will work out in the end. That is when we enter the realm of destiny and divine planning.
We know the plan is true because we know that, regardless of whether an outcome now is the one we want, everything will be all right in the end. In the context of deep time, all things return and return to God. The sun will rise again. The convoluted will find equilibrium. Broken hearts become proving grounds for understanding, wisdom and an appreciation for what has been. Things don't have to make sense now for us to know that those things are ultimately true; our knowledge of that is what drives us forward, after our tears have dried, to step bravely into the new day.
Hope is an active thing. In his book “Mere Christianity,” author C. S. Lewis illustrated this by noting that some of the most significant things that happened in history - the abolition of the slave trade, the building projects of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the establishment of Christianity in the shadow of the Roman Empire - came about because the people who did them were occupied with heaven rather than earth. Their hope, which was pointed toward eternity, was not passive escapism, but rather something that helped them to act and endure. To hope in the immediate is what gives us the courage to continue another day, no matter how things look now. To hope in the eternal is what gives us the strength to drive toward our destinies: becoming, completion and perfection.
Let us pray:
Dear God, may we dwell forever in hope.
Hope in the plan that was sketched out before time;
Hope in our potential to learn and love and heal;
Hope in a peace, without and within, that passes understanding.
May our hope in things unseen hurry us toward destiny,
Toward the perfection found in Your ultimate Presence.
Amen.
“You are destined to victory. God's will was done in your life before you came to the world. Through His will you entered the world rich in intelligence and possibilities and charted to happiness, progress and peace. Through His will you live creatively. You find the light of truth and receive the power to live as you desire in the heart of your higher being.” - Hanna Jacob Doumette, “Psalms For Today”